Universal anisotropy in force networks under shear

Universal elastic anisotropy index.

Practically all elastic single crystals are anisotropic, which calls for an appropriate universal measure to quantify the extent of anisotropy. A review of the existing anisotropy measures in the literature leads to a conclusion that they lack universality in the sense that they are non-unique and ignore contributions from the bulk part of the elastic stiffness (or compliance) tensor. Proceedin...

A surface force apparatus for nanorheology under large shear strain

A surface force apparatus for nanorheology under large shear strain

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Surface force apparatus for nanorheology under large shear strain.

We describe a surface force apparatus designed to probe the rheology of a nanoconfined medium under large shear amplitudes (up to 500 microm). The instrument can be operated in closed loop, controlling either the applied normal load or the thickness of the medium during shear experiments. Feedback control allows us to greatly extend the range of confinement/shear strain attainable with the surf...

Investigation of Shear Strength Anisotropy of c- &phi Soils

Cohesive-frictional soils are widely used in the construction of embankment structures and due to the method of construction, i.e. applying compactive efforts in the vertical direction in these cases, the occurrence of anisotropy in the soil strength and permeability seems to be inevitable. In this study, attempts have been made to evaluate the shear strength of c-f soils through modifying a l...